Change+Guide+Draft+2.0

= A Executive Summary =

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This guide is intended to assist the Heads of Department (HOD) of each Faculty to ascertain the scope of the change project and to understand what is required to deliver successful change management. =====

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HOD are considered as middle management of an organization, and will therefore have a pivotal role in the change process. Fullan (1991) describes the different roles and responsibilities, which principals, or more accurately related to this specific guide “heads of organizations”, play and have. For example, HOD are the people “most likely to be in a position to shape the organizational conditions necessary for success, such as the development of shared goals, collaborative structures and climates, and procedures for monitoring results.” (Fullan ,1991, p. 76). Moreover, HOD, and unlike Teachers, have access to information on ongoing innovations outside the scope of the classroom. This increases their chance of bringing in new ideas, which could contribute to change in one way or another. =====

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However, HOD as “middle managers” and leaders have very complex and ambiguous roles. “Leadership relates to mission, direction, [and] inspiration. Management involves designing and carrying out plans, getting things done, [and] working effectively with others.” (Fullan, 1991, p.157). HOD should do both “simultaneously and iteratively” requiring multiple skills that HOD often lack. This guide attempts to clarify the necessary and multiple //key// skills and strategies needed for HOD to carry out change in a smooth and effective manner. ===== = B Understanding Change =

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ABC University Administration is the driving authority that works on ensuring the university remains competitive when compared to national and international standards. The University Administration’s latest initiative is full ICT-integration across all faculties and into all academic courses as a step forward into creating an innovative and effective learning environment. This will be achieved by implementing the LMS. The University Administration is hoping to improve educational outcomes through this new initiative. =====

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A soft system methodology (SSM) approach was used to analyse the change situation. The 7 step, 5 action method was engaged. Fullan claims with support from various studies that few attempts of change management succeed in their involvement in the change process due to the lack of knowledge of “what” change is and “how” it happens (content and process of change). Using a SSM that addresses both content, process and context of change will serve as a reliable tool for understanding and dealing with change. =====

** Implications of analysis **

During the implementation phase, we should take more time to tease out the formal and informal practices/roles of people of the organisation/department and modify our action plan to be as __congruent__ as possible.

The high complexity of Moodle requires a well-managed scaffolded training program with accessible technical expertise. (This might increase costs but we could justify by saying without this, the introduction of Moodle would fail and the costs would be higher). We should make clear the admin issues like the implementation timeline, procedure to report technical difficulties, procedure for course design etc. These can be in the form of multiple media sources, including handbooks, online sources, email reminders, newsletters

= C Change Coping Strategies and Tools =

Strategies for adoption

 * 1) Frame it not as an adoption of an LMS but as a wholesale re-designing of courses and adoption of modern pedagogies in which the LMS plays an integral role.
 * 2) Privileging just-in-time information/training over traditional mass seminar style training.

Rationale

> Implication
 * 1) This is a lesson learnt from Chao (2008), where the replacement of a new LMS involved re-design of courses rather than a simple transfer from the old to the new. What more the adoption of an LMS by a Faculty who never had experience with it? The medium influences the pedagogy.
 * 2) Chao (2008) observed that during the Moodle implementation process, there was a constant need for bug fixing and implementation of new features as technology constantly progresses. My interpretation is that having mass seminars would be more useful as an introduction to Moodle and for communicating how and where to access just-in-time training and information since mass seminars can only communicate a stuck-in-time snapshot of the state of Moodle. Thus the instructors would need further updating very quickly so why waste time on time consuming seminars? Furthermore it has been my experience and Chao’s (2008) as well that people have different technology acceptance rates, thus mass seminars would have little use on people who have not opened their minds to the idea. Having well designed and accessible just-in-time training would allow each individual to approach the technological content when he/she is ready and this would greatly increase the efficiency of the training.

>
 * 1) This would mean technical training for Moodle will not be sufficient. Professional development for the pedagogies which suit Moodle should also be carried. E.g. seminars in constructivism, asynchronous project work etc. The mission statement would also have to be less specific to eLearning or technology adoption but to a general yearning to be as updated as possible in all aspects of education.
 * 2) Expending the necessary resources and manpower towards just-in-time style training and information even if it seems more troublesome and costly. The returns are worth it.

** Strategies for implementation **
Under construction

Change management tools (part 1 of 2) Adoption and implementation tools

Change management is a critical activity embedded within the ICT implementation process and therefore the tools are designed to compliment and be in step with the implementation process.

The matrix below is a schedule of proposed change management activities, description of outcomes, and the people we wish to engage split according to the ICT project phase. There are three phases, adoption, implementation and evaluation. Evaluation is discussed in section F.

· ICT infrastructure · Personnel · Facilities
 * ICT project phase || Change management milestones || Outcomes || Change management tools and/or practices ||
 * Adoption || Readiness assessment including:

Define change management approach:
 * Develop and undertake stakeholder engagement and communications plans

Develop change management plan: · How ICT is being used for learning in ways that deepen understanding of concepts · How to use digitally rich ICT environments for teaching and learning · How ICT may lead to initiating global communication and collaboration and develop creative · Innovative assessment expression || *  You Tube presentation on how to implement Moodle []
 * Revise communications plan || <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0pt 0cm; tab-stops: 121.25pt; tabstops: 121.25pt;">Stakeholders will gain an understanding and appreciation for the proposed ICT implementation. They will see:
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 3.6pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 121.25pt;">How ICT will provide constructivist learning opportunities
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Webinar with opportunity to ask questions about process and policy
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Live practice courses
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Consult Faculty, staff, and students about when and how to change in order to ensure buy-ins and clear communication
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Consult Teachers to provide expert advice on design, delivery and assessment issues. ||
 * Implementation || Deliver and test training materials:
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 9.8pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Update and test training

Implement change: · A series of well-structured information sessions carried out to ensure the ICT is supported and embraced.
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 9.8pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Deliver training and evaluate
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 9.8pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Identify and communicate quick and long term successes || Stakeholders will have been trained to use the Moodle LMS and continue to receive support and communication. They will be engaged through:
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 9.8pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">A comprehensive professional development program to boost confidence, build competence and foster commitment among Teachers.
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 9.8pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Obtaining a positive result, a combination of communication tactics, including written documents, group meetings and opportunities for one-on-one discussions utilised.
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Adequate onsite technical support and service to ensure smooth running of ICT.
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">A <span style="0cm: 0cm 3.6pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 121.25pt;">‘learning department’ is in a position to grow therefore is ready and has the capacity to process change. || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Train Faculty to use the new system in a just-in-time fashion
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Self-paced online tutorials and self-assessments
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Webinar with opportunity to ask questions about process and policy
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Live practice courses
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Mentors (Mentors to receive special training)
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Guides on how to facilitate using Moodle and on how to write content for Moodle courses
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Expert Teachers to become the promoters. Teachers are more receptive of advice and guidance provided by other Teachers instead of technical experts.
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Narrated screen-capture training tool that shows how to use Moodle and emphasizes useful classroom features
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Onsite technical support and service ||

= D Providing Necessary Infrastructure =

** Significance of ICT infra **

Providing ICT infrastructure is essential in carrying out ICT-related change, and it should be considered and well-thought-of from the beginning while developing a vision for the change. ICT infra is considered as one of necessary bases of any change establishment as it is the medium without which ICT-related change could not take place.

** What does ICT infra consist of? **

Many misconceptions have been surrounding the concept and practice of the provision of ICT infra. For instance, ICT infra has been long thought of as mere physical equipment, such as computers, servers, bandwidth and cables and wires. However, provision of ICT infra extends to the provision of:
 * human technical,
 * continuous funding, and
 * continuous assessment of its adequacy.

Figure 1. An overview of each of these elements of ICT infra. Based on Fullan (2001) ELEMENTS OF ICT INFRASTRUCTURE

** How to plan ICT-infra for change? **

What applies to the development of a mission statement or establishment of vision for change also applies to the specific planning for ICT-infra for ICT-related change. As the above image shows, many dimensions should be considered in planning. A plan could include the following: · Clear objectives and goals for the use of ICT infra in the educational organizations covering administrative, technical and most importantly educational needs // Tips: // · Mere provision of ICT-infra with no planning does not guarantee its use · At the same time, provision of ICT-infra before forming a clear plan might help at initiate commitment to effective use of infra · Costs and benefits should be clearly linked and articulated · The plan should be integrated into the general strategic plan for the university · Specify considerable time-scale as it allows people to work toward the short and long-term goals · Provision of necessary human staff needed to implement and support the use of ICT infra // Tips: // · Humans are the drive for successful and active implementation of infra · Clear policies of the use of ICT infra for educational purposes by teachers and students // Tips: // · Policies should be first formed at a departmental level and informed by teachers · Specify to what extent and in what manner the technology is used in university courses i.e. fully online or merely as a repository of content · Specify if it is necessary for students to own a computer and financially plan for achieving this goal · Specify any “common technical standards” required for computers · Specify guidelines for “universal access” and “equity” in using computers by teachers and students · Communicating the plan to stakeholders including administrative staff, technical staff and academic staff // Tips: // · Giving out information about plan is necessary to get people involved · Limiting information could demotivate people and make them lose sight of //why// and //what// they should be doing · Get feedback on the plan from stakeholder to motivate them and get them involved · Continuous planning for funding is essential for maintaining and keeping ICT-infra up-to-date // Tips: // · Provide a “financing plan” for students to have their own computers · Financial investment in ICT-infra might not pay off immediately, but good planning allows for positive gains in the long run · Evaluating the effectiveness and adequacy of current ICT infra in relation to the specified goals // Tips: // · Refer to section I of this guide for more information

= E Professional Development =

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">At the heart of any change that involves integrating technology into an organization is Professional Development. In particular technological changes that are to accommodate innovative pedagogical practices, affect and mediate change on a concentric set of contextual levels (Kozma 2003) and the PD program needs to have the vision and resources to support this change across all levels and through the life of the project.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The PD processes, practices and people need to:

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Focus on the different 3 levels:

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1. Micro-level: The classroom


 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">teacher
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">student
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">curriculum
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">instructional materials and
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">infrastructure

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">2. Meso-level: The university


 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">leadership
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">organizational environment

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">3. Macro-level: National and International entities


 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">national policies
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">international trends

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Focus on specificities related to 3 time periods:


 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Before implementation
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">During implementation
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">After implementation

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">To offer instruction and support in:

> <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The PD team needs to have the following competencies:
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">The new technology
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Classroom instruction and learning as it relates to the new technology, the organizations aims and instructional trends
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Evaluation at all 3 levels and time periods


 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Technical expertise relating to the new technology. In our example:


 * <span style="0cm: 0cm; background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 72.0pt;">Instructional design
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm; background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 72.0pt;">Web development
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm; background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 72.0pt;">Moodle technical expertise

>
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Knowledge of Curriculum and innovative Pedagogies
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Training and change management expertise
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Evaluation

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of Innovative Pedagogical Practices. (Kozma 2003)

MICRO LEVEL

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Changing Teacher's Practices

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The 3 major goals of PD according to (Guskey 2002) are:

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1. Change in the practices of Teachers <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">2. Change in their attitudes and beliefs 3. Change in learning outcomes of students

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Figure 3. A Model of Teacher Change (Guskey 2002)

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The 'Model of Teacher Change' (Guskey 2002) suggests that it is not the PD itself that changes teacher's attitudes and beliefs but rather the gains they notice in Student Learning Outcomes that change them. They believe in the new practices because they have seen them work and will thus be more committed to continue with the new practices.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">With this in mind any PD should include an assessment of the outcomes on Student Learning, as well as indices relating to changes in their behaviour and attitudes such as, class involvement, motivation for learning, attendance etc. These results would not be used only for a summative evaluation of the innovation but included as input into the process of PD for the teachers as evidence of the effectiveness of their new practises.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Individualising just-in-time PD and creating knowledgeable Peer-Group Support units

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Another aspect to PD at the micro-level that appears to be neglected is the uniqueness of the individual setting, the particular context, as a critical factor in education (Guskey 1995). Reforms need to be configured to integrate in a way that best suits and fits with the organization's policies, structures, resources and processes but the individual teacher and their class is a particular context within the organization itself.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">An effective PD program will cater for the individual needs and concerns of each teacher. <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Fullan (2001) summarized a number of reasons for failure of PD that highlight the need for this individualization:

> <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">A practical example from Virginia Tech's Faculty Development (Bates 2000) provides some ideas on the structure and processes that PD can take to combat these failures.
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">One-shot workshops are widespread but are ineffective.
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Topics are frequently selected by people other than those for whom the in-service is intended.
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Follow-up support for ideas and practices introduced in in-service programs occurs in only a very small minority of cases.
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Follow-up evaluation occurs infrequently.
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">In-service programs rarely address the individual needs and concerns.
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">The majority of programs involve teachers from many different schools and/or school districts, but there is no recognition of the differential impact of positive and negative factors within the systems to which they must return.
 * <span style="0cm: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">There is a profound lack of any conceptual basis in the planning and implementing of in-service programs that would ensure their effectiveness.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The development team did not concentrate on the technology itself but rather on the teaching and learning that occurs with the technology. They used a problem-based approach to training that combined a focus on instructional practice and collaborative learning. <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Small groups, with an instructor, prepared lessons using the technology. This enabled the latter to be learnt whilst being able to cover any teaching issues that surfaced. These were not one-shot workshops, instead a number of them were held as part of the development program. <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">This approach was followed by a number of best-practise institutions. Faculty development was orientated to particular teaching issues and the design concepts emerged in response, rather than being imposed. Through this process of creating instructional software in a team, faculty members rethought their teaching and learning processes.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The effectiveness of this approach is further demonstrated by a quote from a faculty member from a case study of ICT implementation (Kidd 2010).

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">“In short, faculty have a difficult time applying technology skills in the classroom unless there is a direct linkage with the curriculum, teaching strategies, or improvements in achievement. Professional development tends to have a stronger impact when it is framed and intertwined in the teaching and learning process associate with the faculty. This is when training comes into play—to show faculty the possibilities of what can be done. This process has not only helped me become a better faculty, but an optimal user of technology.”

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">By using a problem-based approach with a number of practical workshops the PD of the faculty becomes a process rather than an event (Guskey 2002). This supports changes in teaching practise throughout the implementation process, provides just-in-time training (Chao 2008) that also has a practical product – actual lesson plans which respects the time constraints and overload of teachers.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Working in teams also produced a mentoring/collaborative unit that could provide peer-support and thus another source of assistance beyond the centralised faculty development office. 2 Institutions, The University of Central Florida and Collège Boréal, formalised the finding that faculty members learn best from their peers by assigning mentorship status to faculty members that had completed training in both technical and instructional skills (Bates 2000).

MESO LEVEL

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Leadership and organizational support are vital for implementing change. Successful PD programs have a vision of the long-term goals but a strategic plan to introduce change gradually and incrementally, building on what is successful (Guskey 1995). Organizational commitment includes allocating sufficient funds to support the program (Bates 2000). The vision, strategy and commitment of the organization need to be clearly and continuously communicated to all parties involved (Chao 2008).

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">“When we first embarked on using Blackboard, I felt overwhelmed, discouraged, and bewilder at the attempts to use technology tools in the classroom. There was little to no support from administration. There were no extra funds for training or professional consulting. Administration purchased the tools, but soon after where back in the shadows from which they came, leaving us as faculty who are in the trenches to suffer.” All we received was a memo stating we are now implementing a new LMS to be used to support face to face and online teaching.“There was no reason as to why we were moving in this director or what avenues were available to support faculty who were remotely interested. All of our concerns feel on deaf ears.” <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">(Kidd 2010)

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Another means of communicating organizational commitment to change and motivating staff to buy-in is by establishing an incentive program (Kidd 2010)

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">“It would help motivate faculty if administration would offer some type of incentive for faculty who put in a great deal of time working with new ideas and innovations within the school. But this doesn’t exist. All administration wants is for faculty to work, with no reward at the end. This is why, I think twice before getting involved in new initiatives. The work is just too hard to catch hold to and there is no support or reward in the beginning or at the end. Maybe if these types of initiatives counted toward tenure and promotion, administration would receive a better turn out. Perhaps, however as it stands now, there is nothing, but hardship working with technology."

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Formative evaluation of the PD program to ensure continued quality of service as well as individual faculty members progression through this program helps to ensure alignment with the overall vision and goal of the organization.

MACRO LEVEL

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">A steady stream of innovations in education or policy changes can result in some faculty members considering them as simply another fad to be ignored until they go away (Guskey 1995). A PD program needs to focus on communicating how these changes are part of a coherent framework for improving teaching and learning and how, through this alignment, the organisation can maintain its competitive edge which benefits everyone involved with it (Chao 2008).

= F Evaluation =

Strategies for Evaluation

Summative Evaluation

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1. Content analysis for asynchronous discussion forums

Asynchronous discussion forums have tremendous benefits in eLearning contexts especially if the facilitator is skilled at designing leading questions and leading/focusing the discussion via strength of personality or questioning tactics like Socratic questioning (Yang, Newby & Bill, 2005).

To ascertain whether the beneficial affordances are fully taken advantage of, the content analysis model formulated by Yang, Richardson, French & Lehman (2010) shall be our guide. Previous/other attempts at content analyzing asynchronous discussion forums focus on cognitive aspects like thinking skills and because it takes into account both knowledge factors as well. (Model shall be reproduced on change manual)

Note: Evaluation agents should be reminded not to get into too much detail. Broad strokes will do as too much detail leads to slow decision-making and hence the course might not be re-designed in time for the next semester.

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">2. Augmented Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (AFCM)

Augmented Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (AFCM) are a high level social computing modelling concept, which could be used to evaluate LMS success in its totality after a few years of its implementation. A Fuzzy Cognitive Map is basically an interconnected map of causal factors that are interrelated, with nodes having different weightings in relationships to other nodes. An AFCM includes inputs from experts. Salmeron (2009) has already identified several critical success factors for LMSes using FCMs and AFCMs which could be a reference but we should do our own (AFMC) to model for our context and contrast the factors discerned by the model to our situation. Ideally this should be done beforehand to identify success factors for us to work towards. But the lack of experts internally (as nobody had experiences with LMS use or implementation) would entail hiring outside experts which would be too costly. Hence, after Moodle has been implemented a few years, certain members of the staff who have gained moderate expert status can be the ‘expert input’ in the AFMC.

** Formative Evaluation **

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 18pt; tabstops: list 18.0pt; text-indent: -18pt;">3. Moodle data mining

Macfadyen & Dawson’s (2010) concept of data mining as an “early warning system” is consistent with the concept of formative evaluation, i.e. intervening with course design issues, including Moodle issues, in the midst of the course rather than at the end of it.

“….higher education institutions could harness the predictive power of Learning Management System (LMS) data to develop reporting tools that identify at-risk students and allow for more timely pedagogical interventions.” Macfadyen & Dawson’s (2010, p588)

The above quote summarises the use of data mining. While technical aspects of Moodle or course design may not be that easily changed during the conduct of the course, other simple strategies like grouping at-risk students with stronger students or even a simple phone call/email to ask the students if they’re having any difficulty could be of some help.

Change management tools (part 2 of 2) Evaluation tools


 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">ICT project phase || Change management milestones || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0pt 0cm; tab-stops: 121.25pt; tabstops: 121.25pt;">Outcomes || Change management tools and/or practices ||
 * Evaluation || Evaluate change:
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 9.8pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Monitor stakeholder reactions to change
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 9.8pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Adjust change implementation and communication plans || <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 3.6pt 0pt 0cm; tab-stops: 121.25pt; tabstops: 121.25pt; tabstops: 121.25pt;">Stakeholders will have an opportunity to give feedback and make any changes to the existing system. || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Provide feedback channels to respond to learners' needs in a timely fashion
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Have a dedicated staff to coordinate training for learners
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Collect learner's requests and feedback because communicating at the individual client level provides opportunities for development to respond to learners' needs, fix technical glitches etc.
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Development forums to discuss experiences
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Establish a review group to oversee progress and resolve problems
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 27pt 0pt 0cm; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Engage an external party to formally review the implementation ||

= G Concluding note (with case study reference) = = H Appendix =

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Soft Systems Methodology Approach

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Figure 4. Rich picture of change scenario

Analysis 1
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Is an intervention. Involves the identification and description of the client, practitioner, and problem-owner.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The client is the person who has caused the intervention to happen, without whom there would not be an investigation. In our case, the client is the University Administration who is seeking to improve the quality of learning by integrating ICT into its educational system.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">University Administration consists of the Vice-Chancellor (VC), Deputy VC for academic affairs, Deputy VC for financial affairs, and staff in its major administrative units such as Staff Affairs Department and Quality Assurance Office.

The p ractitioner is the person or group of people conducting the investigation. ABC University has engaged an external team of IT consultants to manage the project from analysis to implementation and evaluation. The problem owner is the person or group of people who are affected by the intervention and its outcomes. In our case, the problem owners are the members of department (including teaching, administrative staff), students and technical staff (including Moodle designers and developers).

Analysis 2
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">A social analysis. Involves the identification and description of roles, norms and values.

Roles

Within the SSM there are two types of roles, formal and informal. In our case, the formal roles are played by the University Administration who are in direct connection with Deans of Colleges through meetings, emails, etc. The Deans of Colleges inform HOD with the University Administration’s decisions and plans and are directed to do what it takes to follow these decisions and implement plans. HOD meet with Faculty and discuss the University Administration’s proposed plans. Faculty and HOD discuss ways of implementing these plans in a way that aligns with the department’s educational goals, pedagogical practices and available expertise. They also report difficulties faced during implementation with Students and propose improvements to be made in the system for better implementations of University Administration’s plans. This is reported by HOD to the Dean who then reports to the University Administration who would revisit their plans for necessary modifications or reinforce certain goals to be met. (And the communication cycle continues.)

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">The Teachers carry out informal rolesas they are in direct contact with students. This is such as the students consider Teachers to be role models. If they provide students with good role-models of change, students are more likely to respond positively.

** Norms + Values **

** University: ** is a reputable educational institute that is a pioneer in establishing a strong educational system in the country in the last 20 years. As other educational institutions in the higher education sector emerged over the last years, competition emerged.

** University Administration: ** VC, VC Deputies, Directors, and Deans are people with high expectations, task designators and performers, work in tight timelines and expect others to do so. They are believed not to be very sensitive to “real” practice as they are alienated from the hectic day-to-day routine academic and administrative staff undergo. In the last few years, they have been working on enhancing the communication channel between them and staff and students through online opinion polls of university’s practices and services quality. Friendliness and openness between the top admin and staff and students is gradually being established.

** Heads of Departments: ** They are mediators between University Administration and staff. They have the most difficult and demanding role in that they should ensure meeting University Administration’s standards and requirements while maintaining staff’s satisfaction. They do not have direct authorial role and the same time are not directly or hugely impacted by change in practice.

** Faculty: ** They are the real implementers of change. They work hard to please their authorities and expect to be rewarded for their dedication to work. Dissatisfaction leads them to disapprove change especially when it is highly demanding. They are in direct connection with students and are in direct access to evidence of good or bad educational practice.

** Administrative staff (ICT & Educational Technology Centres, staff affairs, professional development, etc) ** : the first 3 statements describing Faculty apply here. In addition, they are the facilitators of change and failure in managing elements of change would lead to serious dysfunction in the flow of change.

** Students: ** are the targets of the change process. Improvements in their academic behaviour are indicators of success in change. Their attitude toward change affects the flow of implementing change policies, so their involvement in the process is critical.

Analysis 3
<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">A political analysis.

** Intellectual and experiential authority: ** VC, VC deputies and Deans are normally assigned in their positions due to their intellectual excellence evident in their educational achievements. They all are PhD holders, and have had long service within the university. Thus, they are regarded as knowledgeable of what should work best for the welfare of the university and its staff and students.

** Reputation: ** the university’s high reputation is a product of the continuous hard work and efforts from the university’s administration and employees. However, reputation is mostly linked to the higher authorities quite overlooking the individual efforts that stand behind it. The reputation of the institution is hugely linked and interdependent with the reputation of its people.

** Policy Making: ** High authorities are the ones who have the power to initiate a new policy, change it or even cancel it. This is due to first commodity discussed above. Other employees are sometimes given a say in the effectiveness of a policy, but they do not always have a noticeable impact on policy making.

** Access to powerful role-holders: ** This applies to HODs who have direct contact with Deans who in turn have direct contact with University Administration. Access to powerful role-holders who are policy makers gives HODs and Deans higher impact on change practices.

PQR

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0cm 1.3pt 0pt 0cm;">Q by implementing the LMS
====<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0cm 1.3pt 0pt 0cm;">R in order to ensure the university remains competitive when compared to national and international standards ====

CATWOE Involves the identification and description of C, A, T, W, O and E.

C: Departments, Program Coordinators, Teachers, students, technicians, etc. (List can be expanded) A: Departments, Program Coordinators, Teachers T 1: A university that utilised a paper-based, decentralised system of program delivery transformed to an online, centralised system through implementation of the LMS T 2: « Current quality of learning » à « current quality of learning improved » W: Implementation of the LMS enhances the quality of learning and thus leads to the university remaining competitive when compared to national and international standards. O: University Administration E: Computer access, budget, Moodle efficiency as an educational tool, technical capabilities, technical support, blended learning system, learning strategies/styles, previous traditional teaching and learning practices, developers competencies and time, etc.

EEE Involves the identification and description of efficacy, efficiency and effectiveness.

// Efficacy will be achieved when t // he implemented LMS has contributed to the enhanced quality of learning. // Efficiency will be achieved when t // he LMS enables quality learning and quality organizing and assessment of that learning with a minimum amount of resources. // Effectiveness will be achieved when the // transformation of the quality of learning is such that the university maintains competitiveness compared to national and international standards.

CCC Analysis Involves the identification and description of congruence, complexity, and clarity.

// Congruence: // changes which build on what is already in place have a much greater chance of adoption than those which imply a complete and unfamiliar shift in routine practices. // Complexity: // Changes which are presented in a relatively straight-forward way and are accessible or ‘recognizable’ are more likely to be successfully adopted. (Complex thinking may underlie simple presentations and handy tools, though.) // Clarity: // Changes which are explicit about who is to do what and when are more likely to be adopted, especially if change sponsors provide useful change tools.

** Macro examples **

I’m assuming the culture in Oman is like most Asian cultures, that of being on the conservative side and preferring to stick to traditions. Furthermore, it has been often stated that Teachers as a profession are not so eager to change. And there is justified skepticism of any new technological intervention because of the previous presence of fads that came and went quickly (seek citation). From the above-mentioned context, the congruence level of our LMS introduction is low.

** Micro examples ** (From the rich picture we can see statements like)

<span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">4. Knee-jerk resistance reaction, as expressed in the excuse “no time for eLearning”.
 * 1) <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">eLearning is not effective and a waste of time
 * 2) <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">Technical expertise level of staff is low. Hence the fear of technical issues. (For the digital native generation, i.e. our current and future students technical issues are solved by intuition)
 * 3) <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt;">The initiative is a top-down thing with the main purpose being the instrumental one for ensuring the university remains competitive when compared to national and international standards rather than a bottom up initiative driven by the Teacher’s recognition of the benefit eLearning might bring to students.

These statements are evidence of low congruency. (Department culture/context could also be the unit of analysis for congruency but I don’t have enough information. According to the readings, the department should be a change agent viewed with high importance.) Complexity: Assuming a low technology comfort level and low technical expertise, Moodle might seem like a very complex system for the staff to adopt. Clarity: Only evident in the implementation stage

= I Appendix =

ICT Project Plan (with Change Management focus)

For our ICT implementation project we have adopted a version of the DET IPL. Below is a matrix that shows each of the ICT project phases (our ICT implementation project will follow) and provides a high-level note of activities that will be carried out at each of the phases for this project’s completion. The change management initiatives are highlighted as applicable to the phase.

= J References =
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">ICT project phase || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Purpose (to address) || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Change activity || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Change product || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Change agent ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Idea definition || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Prepare idea definition
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Seek endorsement ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Start up || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Project management establishment
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Initiate planning
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Determine initiative benefits and costs
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Fully identify stakeholders
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Undertake project assurance planning
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Perform initial risk analysis
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Undertake high level options analysis
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Assess alignment with enterprise architecture
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Produce high level outline of business case
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Seek funding ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Initiation || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Mobilise governance and project team
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Develop the project plan
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Define plan of work
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Refine preliminary risk assessment
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Refine budget/costs for project and ongoing operation
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Identify security requirements
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Set up project controls
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Assemble
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Conduct end stage assessment
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Create stage plan for next stage
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Mobilise project team ||  ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Requirements || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Identify high level business requirements
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Develop detailed business requirements
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Develop conceptual, enterprise architecture-aligned solution design
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Define change management approach || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list blank 36.0pt left blank 78.25pt;">Determine transformational changes
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list blank 36.0pt left blank 78.25pt;">Undertake As-Is assessments
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list blank 36.0pt left blank 78.25pt;">Develop and undertake stakeholder engagement and communications plans || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Change management approach
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Stakeholder engagement plan
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Communications plan || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Team of external IT Project consultants (Change practitioner), individual-level, group-level stakeholders and HOD ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Architecture and high level design || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Analyse current and define future operational environments
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Perform detailed and rigorous options analysis
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Create stage plan for next stage, update project plan and refine business case || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Define ICT change strategy ||  || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Team of external IT Project consultants (Change practitioner) ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Solution definition and selection || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Select solution
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Conduct detailed risk assessment
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Define execution strategies
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Review project costs and benefits
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Confirm funding approval
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Develop change management plan || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Develop ICT change management, implementation and support strategy || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Change impact assessment plan || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Team of external IT Project consultants (Change practitioner), individual-level, group-level stakeholders and HOD ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Buy solution – detailed design ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Design and configure solution – build solution ||  ||   ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Test solution || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Perform acceptance testing
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Implement and refine change management plan
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Develop and test training materials
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Conduct final risk assessment
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Create stage plan for next stage, update project plan and refine business case
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Prepare production release authorisation || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Implement and refine change management plan || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Training plan and training materials || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Team of external IT Project consultants (Change practitioner), individual-level, group-level stakeholders and HOD ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Deploy solution || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Implement solution
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Implement change
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Obtain operational customer acceptance || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Deliver training and evaluate
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Identify communicate quick and long term successes
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Monitor stakeholder reactions to change
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Adjust change implementation and communication plans || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Deployment and support plans
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Training evaluation || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Team of external IT Project consultants (Change practitioner), individual-level, group-level stakeholders and HOD ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Close project || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Review project performance
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Package knowledge
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Close project || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Document feedback and learning
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Hand over benefits tracking || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Lessons learnt report, including feedback || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Team of external IT Project consultants (Change practitioner), individual-level, group-level stakeholders and HOD ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Business operations || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Verify project benefits
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Report actual and forecast project benefits
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Close benefits realisation process
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Review delivered risk treatments
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Review project benefit performance || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Evaluate change effectiveness
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Communicate close
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Prepare final benefits tracking report
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Review project benefit performance || * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Business as usual operation and reporting
 * <span style="0cm: 0cm 0cm 0pt; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; tabstops: list 36.0pt left 61.2pt;">Final benefits report || <span style="color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 61.2pt; tabstops: 61.2pt;">Team of external IT Project consultants (Change practitioner), individual-level, group-level stakeholders and HOD ||

Website references <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">1. 21 steps to successful ICT implementation – QLD Dept of Education, Training, and the Arts

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">2. Model of ICT project life cycle – QLD Dept of Education and Training

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">3. Change management for shared services and BPO by Alsbridge

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">4. Implementation study #3 – Moodle by Hargadon

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Text references <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">5. Iles, V. (2001). Managing Change in the NHS

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">6. Trowler, P. (2003). Change thinking, Change practices. LSTN Generic Centre

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">7. Queensland Government (2007). Change management best practices guide: Five (5) key factors common to success in managing organizational change. Retrieved from

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">8. Envirowise & Government Office for the South West. (2004). Resource efficiency and corporate responsibility: Managing change. Retrieved from

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">9. Fullan, M. (2001). The new meaning of educational change (3rd ed.). New York: Teachers College Press.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">10. Bates, T. (2000). Supporting Faculty. Managing technological change: strategies for college and university leaders. San Fransisco, Jossey-Bass Inc.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">11. Chao, I. T. (2008). "Moving to Moodle: Reflections Two Years Later." Educause Quarterly 3: 46-52.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">12. Guskey, T. R. (1995). Professional Development in Education. In search of the Optimal Mix. Professional development in education: new paradigms and practices. T. R. Guskey and M. Huberman. New York, Teachers College Press: 114-131.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">13. Guskey, T. R. (2002). "Professional Development and Teacher Change." Teachers and Learning 8(3): 381-391.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">14. Kidd, T. T. (2010). "Butterfly under a pin: Exlporing the voices and stories told of a faculty who adopt ICT's for teaching and learning practices." Educ Inf Technol 15: 155-170.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">15. Kozma, R. (2003). Technology, innovation, and educational change: A global perspective. Eugene, OR, International Society for Educational Technology.

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">16. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Engeström, Y. (2000). "Activity theory as a framework for analyzing and redesigning work." __Ergonomics__ **43**(7): 960-974. <span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;">

<span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">17. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Engeström, Y. (2001). "Expansive Learning at Work: toward an activity theoretical reconceptualization." __Journal of Education and Work__ **14**(1): 133-156.